الأسناد الخطية القابلة للتحصيل أمام دائرة التنفيذ وإشكالات شروطها في القانون الأردني
Abstract
ملخص
وسع المشرع الأردني من مفهوم السند التنفيذي، إذ بات يشمل بالإضافة للأحكام القضائية طائفةً من الأسناد الخطية يمكن طرحها للتنفيذ مباشرة دون حاجة لاستصدار حكم قضائي بشأن مضمونها، وجاء نص المشــــــــــرع على ذلك صريحــــــــــا في قانون التنفيذ إذ ذكر "الســـــــــــندات الرســـــــــمية" و"السندات العادية" و"الأوراق التجارية القابلة للتداول"، الأمر الذي اقتضى منا الوقوف على مدلولات هذه الأسناد وشروطها القانونية كأسناد خطية ابتداء وشروطها كأسناد تنفيذية.
ووجدنا المشرّع بالنتيجة يتطلب لتكون تلك الأسناد أسناداً تنفيذية أن يكون مضمون الحق المنظم فيها محقّق الوجود معيّن المقدار وحال الأداء، وبالتحليل ظهر لنا أنّ هناك شرطا لم ينص عليه المشرع وتمنيننا عليه لو كان فعل، ألا وهو أن يكون مضمون السند دفع نقود، إذ أن صور الالتزام الأخرى ربما لا تصلح للتنفيذ المباشر بغير حكم قضائي، سواء كانت تلك الصور على شكل قيام بعمل أو امتناع عن عمل أو حتى تسليم شيء من غير النقود لأن من شأن تنفيذها تنفيذاً مباشراً تفويت بعض حقوق المدين التي كفلها المشرع بالذات في حال كان التنفيذ مرهقا إذ من حقه أن يطلب من المحكمة استبداله بالتعويض ، كما أن بعض صور هذه الطائفة من الالتزامات مما يرتبط بشخص المدين الأمر الذي يتعذر إكراهه على تنفيذه وليس من اختصاص قاضي التنفيذ الدخول في موضوعه وتقدير مدى ارتباط الالتزام الوارد فيه بشخص المدين من عدمه.
Conditions and Problems for Executionat the Execution Department under Jordanian Law
Abstract
The Jordanian legislator has expressly expanded on the concept of Executive Bonds to include a wide range of written bonds that can be submitteddirectly for execution, without having to first obtain a judicial ruling regarding the same. Such bonds include:official bonds, ordinary bonds and negotiable commercial papers. This study aims to explore the conceptof these deeds and their legal conditions, considering their dual nature: written instruments and executive deeds.
This paper has consequently found that the Jordanian legislator requires that the legal right, which is subject to the executive bond, must unquestionably exist, with a fixed and certain amount to be due. The analysis in this paper has shown that that there is a condition, which was not clearly mentioned in the law, that this bond embodies an obligation to pay an amount of money. Hence, the other types of obligations may not be suitable for direct execution without a court order. Examples of such obligations are obligation to act, to refrain from such an act, or even the delivery of any nonmonetary matter. This is because direct execution in these later situations would deprive the debtor from some of his/her guaranteed statutory rights, particularly when the execution is cumbersome. Here, the debtor has the right to seek compensation from the court instead of such obligation to perform. Moreover, when performance takes a personal nature, the debtor cannot be compelled to perform. All in all, it is not within the jurisdiction of the execution judge to explore whether the obligation contained therein is of a personal nature.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.35682/1712
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