نظرية السلوك المنحرف وآليات الضبط الاجتماعي عند بارسونز: مقاربة سوسيولوجية من المحفزات النسقية للتحرش الجنسي في الجامعات الأردنية
Abstract
ملخص
تهدف الدراسة إلى الكشف عن المحفزات النسقية للتحرش الجنسي في الجامعات الأردنية، بالتركيز على ثلاثة محفزات غير وظيفية، هي: اختلال المحفزات البيئية، واختلال المحفزات الإدارية، واختلال المحفزات الأكاديمية. اشتملت عينة الدراسة على (1830) طالبة ينتمين إلى ستّ جامعات حكومية وخاصة، هي: الجامعة الأردنية، وجامعة اليرموك، وجامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا الأردنية، وجامعة مؤتة، وجامعة فيلادلفيا الخاصة، وجامعة إربد الأهلية. وأظهرت النتائج أنّ بعض الطلاب تمكّنوا من الاعتداء على زميلاتهم والتطاول عليهن في الحرم الجامعي، بسبب: غياب الضوابط السلوكية التي تظهر الواجبات المتعلقة بالمستوى الأخلاقي للفعل الاجتماعي داخل الجامعة، وضعف المستوى الإداري والتنظيمي في تكريس العقوبات الرادعة ورعايتها، عن طريق معاقبة السلوك المنحرف، وتوجيه مدركات الطلبة للالتزام بالضوابط الأخلاقية، فضلا عن وَهِن العملية الأكاديمية في صيانة توقعات الدور، والتوجيهات القيمية المحفزة للطالب، على إشغال وقته في طلب العلم، والارتقاء به أخلاقيًا.
Parson's Theory of Deviant Behavior and the Mechanism of Social Control: Sociological Convergent for Motivational Conditions of Sexual Harassment in the Jordanian Universities
Abdel Basit Abdullah Al- Azzam
Abstract
The study aimed to reveal the motivational conditions of sexual harassment in the Jordanian Universities, concentrating on three non-functional motivations: environmental uncontrollability, administrative uncontrollability and academic uncontrollability. The sample of the study consisted of (1830) students from six governmental and private universities which include Jordan University, Yarmouk University, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Mu'tah University, Philadelphia Private University and Irbid National University. The results showed that some of the students assaulted and encroached upon their female colleagues in university premises. This happened due to the absence of behavioral controls which demonstrate the requisites linked to social action level in the university, and to the weakness of the administrative and organizational levels, to establish and foster deterrents, by penalizing deviated behaviors and directing students' senses to adhere to behavioral controls. Adding to that feebleness of the academic process to maintain the role assumptions and the valuable directions that are encouraging a student to occupy his/her time in seeking education and ethically upgrade it.
Keywords
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Abu- Farha, S. (2015). Replied Sexual Harassment Cases in Jordanian University. Retrieved from https://www,alfanarmedia.org/ar
Abuzuhri, I. (2014). Sexual Harassment in Jordan is a Silence Phenomenon. Retrieved from https://www.alquds.co.uk/?p=192203
Adams, J. Mabusela. M. & Dlamini, E. (2013). Sexual Harassment: The ‘Silent Killer’ of Female Students at the University of Ayoba in South Africa. SAJHE, 27(5), 1149– 1163.
Al-Bawabeji, R. (2016). Women Harassment Social Study and Legislations Solves. Master Thesis Higher Education Faculty, Jordan University: Jordan
Albosala. (2015). Fear Culture Explode Victims of Sexual Limitations in Jordan. Retrieved from http://www albosala.com/news/journalism/
Alhayat News, (2016). Twist Renew about Sexual Film about Sexual Harassment in Jordanian Universities. Retrieved from http://www.alhayatnews.com
Al- Majali, A. (2009). Forms of Harassment on Female Students in Jordanian Universities, Governmental and Private. Master Thesis Higher Education Faculty, Mu'tah University: Jordan
Al- Qabelat, H. (2014). Legislation Revise in Jordan for Sexual Harassment Aspersion Persons. Legal- Agenda. Retrieved from http://www.legal-agenda.com/article.php?id=799
Amman1net. (2014). Jordanian Women Scatting Photos for Sexual Harassment Persons on them on Facebook. Retrieved from http://amman1.net/jonews/jordan-news/69399.
Assawsana. (2015). Sexual Harassment, Women Felled their Stories. Retrieved from http://www.assawsana.com/portal/pages.phd.?209024.
Bennett, L. (2014). Implement best Practices for Sexual Assault Prevention, Response. Student Affairs Today, Wiley Periodicals, Inc., a Wiley Company, 17(8), 20- 45. http://doi. 10.1002/Say.20083
Buchholz, L. (2015). The Role of University Health Centers in Intervention and Prevention of Campus Sexual Assault, JAMA. 314(5), 438- 440.
Cairns, K. & Hattd. G. (1995). Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in a Graduate Student Sample. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 4(3), 170- 176.
Campbell, J. (2015). Campus Sexual Assault Perpetration what Else we Need to Know. JAMA Pediatrics, 169 (12), 1088- 89.
Crandlemire, D. (2015). The Challenges of Tackling Campus Rape, Harassment. New Hampshire of Business Review. N H B R, (25), 17– 30. Retrieved from http://www.shaheengordon.com
Ekore, J. (2012). Gender Differences in Perception of Sexual Harassment among University Students, Gender & Behavior. 10 (1), 4358- 4369.
Gerasanews. (2014). More than Half Women on Jordan Victim of Sexual Harassments. Retrieved from http://www.gerasanews.com/article/134883
Hendrix, B. (2013). A Feather on One Side, a Brick on the Other: Tilting the Scale Against Males Accused of Sexual Assault in Campus Disciplinary Proceedings. Due Process Rights of College Students, Georgia Law Review, (47), 591- 621.
Krivoshey, M. Rachel, A., Rebecca, H., Julianne, M. & Elizabeth, G. (2013). Sexual Assault Reporting Procedures at Ohio Colleges. Journal of American College Health, 61 (3), 142-147.
Lang, K. (2015). Survivors, College, and the Law: Challenges in Rewriting Campus Sexual Misconduct Policy. The Vermont Connection, 32 (5), 41- 45.
Lee, R., Michele E., Shelley E. & Jennifer P. (2003). Addressing Sexual Assault on College Campuses: Guidelines for a Prevention/ Awareness Week. Journal of College Counseling, 2(6), 14- 33.
Levesque, S., Carl, R., Dominic, B., Martin, B., Marie-Aude, B., & Joseph, J. (2016). Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Assault, and Reproductive Health among University Women. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 25(1), 9– 20.
Mackinnon, C. (2016). In Their Hands: Restoring Institutional Liability for Sexual Harassment in Education, the Yale Law Journal. (125), 2038- 2014.
Marshall, A., Catherine, M. & Mary L. (2015). Coping and Survival Skills: The Role School Personnel Play Regarding Support for Bullied Sexual Minority-Oriented Youth, American School Health Association. Journal of School Health, 85 (5), 333- 340.
Mazer, D. & Percival, E. (1989b). Students' Experiences of Sexual Harassment at a Small University. Sex Roles, 20 (1/2), 1- 22.
Mazer, D. & Percival, E. (1989a). Ideology or Experience? The Relationships among Perceptions, Attitudes, and Experiences of Sexual Harassment in University Students. Sex Roles, 20 (3/4), 135- 147.
McMahon, P. (2008).Sexual Violence on the College Campus: A Template for Compliance with Federal Policy. Journal of American College Health, 57 (3), 361- 365.
Menard, K. Shoss, N. & Pincus, A. (2010). Attachment and Personality Predicts Engagement in Sexual Harassment by Male and Female College Students, Violence and Victims. Springer Publishing Company, 25(6), 770- 786. http://doi. 10.1891/0886-6708.25.6.770
Mikhailovich, K. & Colbran, J. (1999). Changing the Rules: Responding to Sexual Assault in an Australian University, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. 21(1), 71- 80.
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. (2016). Statically Abstract on the Number of Learners in Jordanian Universities. Retrieved from https://www.mohe.gov.jo/ar/page/staticics.aspx.
Obada, M. & Abu-Douh, K. (2007). Social Reflects for Sexual Harassment in Daily Life, Field Study in Sohaj Governorate. Sohaj University Publishes: Egypt.
Paludi, M. & Nydegger, L. (2006). International Perspectives on Sexual Harassment of College Students the Sounds of Silence. New York Academy of Sciences, (1087), 103– 120. http://doi. 10.1196/annals.1385.012 .
Parsons, T. (1954). Essays in Sociological Theory (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1964). The Social System (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1968). The Structure of Social Action (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1970). Social Structure and Personality (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Potter, S. (2016). Reducing Sexual Assault on Campus: Lessons from the Movement to Prevent Drunk Driving. AJPH Perspectives, 106 (5), 822- 828.
Rao, S. (2009). Sociology: Primary Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social Thought (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Ramnagar.
Reingold, R. & Gostin, L. (2015). Sexual Assaults among University Students Prevention, Support, and Justice. JAMA, 314 (5), 447- 448.
Rothman, E., & Silverman, J. (2007). The Effect of a College Sexual Assault Prevention Program on First-Year Students’ Victimization Rates, Journal of American College Health, 55 (5), 283-290.
Rumonline, (2014). Unrecorded levels for sexual Harassment in Jordan. Retrieved from http://www.rumonline.net/index.php?page=article&id=170239.
Shumba, A. & Matina, A. (2002). Sexual Harassment of College Students by Lecturers in Zimbabwe. Sex Education, 2 (1), 45- 59. http://doi. 10.1080/14681810220133613
Triplett, M. (2012). Sexual Assault on College Campuses: Seeking the Appropriate Balance between Due Process and Victim Protection. Duke Law Journal, (62), 487-527
Tyde'n, T. & Larsson, M. (2012). A Repeated Survey of Sexual Behavior among Female University Students in Sweden. (AOGS), Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology, (91), 215–219. http://doi. 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01297.x
Umana, J., Fawole O., & Adeoye, I. (2014). Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence towards Female Students of the University Ibadan. Nigeria. BMC Women's Health, (14), 131.doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-14- 131
Vega-Geaa, E., Rosario, O. & Virginia, S. (2016). Peer Sexual Harassment in Adolescence: Dimensions of the Sexual Harassment Survey in Boys and Girls, International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology (16), 47- 57.
Washington, F., Marlene, C. & Robert, M. (2015). Sexual Harassment on Campus: "He’s Just a Pervert and everybody knows it. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 21(6): 215- 219.
White, G (2000). Sexual Harassment during Medical Training: the Perceptions of Medical Students at a University Medical School in Australia. Medical Education, (34), 980- 986
Whitman, E. (2016). Sexual Harassment in Jordan: Harassments Levels. Was Translated by Alaa Al- Deen Abuziena. Retrieved from http://www.alghad.com/articles/519841
Wilson, F. (2000). The Social Construction of Sexual Harassment and Assault of University. Journal of Gender Studies, 9(2), 172- 187.
Zinzow, H. M., & Thompson, M. (2015). Factors Associated With use of Verbally Coercive, Incapacitated, and Forcible Sexual Assault Tactics in a Longitudinal Study of College Men. Aggressive Behavior, (41), 34– 43.
Abu- Farha, S. (2015). Replied Sexual Harassment Cases in Jordanian University. Retrieved from https://www,alfanarmedia.org/ar
Abuzuhri, I. (2014). Sexual Harassment in Jordan is a Silence Phenomenon. Retrieved from https://www.alquds.co.uk/?p=192203
Adams, J., Mabusela. M., & Dlamini, E. (2013). Sexual Harassment: The ‘Silent Killer’ of Female Students at the University of Ayoba in South Africa. SAJHE, 27(5), 1149– 1163.
Al-Bawabeji, R. (2016). Women Harassment Social Study and Legislations Solves. Master Thesis Higher Education Faculty, Jordan University: Jordan
Albosala. (2015). Fear Culture Explode Victims of Sexual Limitations in Jordan. Retrieved from http://www albosala.com/news/journalism/
Alhayat News, (2016). Twist Renew about Sexual Film about Sexual Harassment in Jordanian Universities. Retrieved from http://www.alhayatnews.com
Al- Majali, A. (2009). Forms of Harassment on Female Students in Jordanian Universities, Governmental and Private. Master Thesis Higher Education Faculty, Mu'tah University: Jordan
Al- Qabelat, H. (2014). Legislation Revise in Jordan for Sexual Harassment Aspersion Persons. Legal- Agenda. Retrieved from http://www.legal-agenda.com/article.php?id=799
Amman1net. (2014). Jordanian Women Scatting Photos for Sexual Harassment Persons on them on Facebook. Retrieved from http://amman1.net/jonews/jordan-news/69399.
Assawsana. (2015). Sexual Harassment, Women Felled their Stories. Retrieved from http://www.assawsana.com/portal/pages.phd.?209024.
Bennett, L. (2014). Implement best Practices for Sexual Assault Prevention, Response. Student Affairs Today, Wiley Periodicals, Inc., a Wiley Company, 17(8), 20- 45. http://doi. 10.1002/Say.20083
Buchholz, L. (2015). The Role of University Health Centers in Intervention and Prevention of Campus Sexual Assault, JAMA. 314(5), 438- 440.
Cairns, K. & Hattd. G. (1995). Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in a Graduate Student Sample. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 4(3), 170- 176.
Campbell, J. (2015). Campus Sexual Assault Perpetration what Else we Need to Know. JAMA Pediatrics, 169 (12), 1088- 89.
Crandlemire, D. (2015). The Challenges of Tackling Campus Rape, Harassment. New Hampshire of Business Review. N H B R, (25), 17– 30. Retrieved from http://www.shaheengordon.com
Ekore, J. (2012). Gender Differences in Perception of Sexual Harassment among University Students, Gender & Behavior. 10 (1), 4358- 4369.
Gerasanews. (2014). More than Half Women on Jordan Victim of Sexual Harassments. Retrieved from http://www.gerasanews.com/article/134883
Hendrix, B. (2013). A Feather on One Side, a Brick on the Other: Tilting the Scale Against Males Accused of Sexual Assault in Campus Disciplinary Proceedings. Due Process Rights of College Students, Georgia Law Review, (47), 591- 621.
Krivoshey, M., Rachel, A., Rebecca, H., Julianne, M. & Elizabeth, G. (2013). Sexual Assault Reporting Procedures at Ohio Colleges. Journal of American College Health, 61 (3), 142-147.
Lang, K. (2015). Survivors, College, and the Law: Challenges in Rewriting Campus Sexual Misconduct Policy. The Vermont Connection, 32 (5), 41- 45.
Lee, R, Michele E., Shelley E., & Jennifer P. (2003). Addressing Sexual Assault on College Campuses: Guidelines for a Prevention/ Awareness Week. Journal of College Counseling, 2(6), 14- 33.
Levesque, S., Carl, R., Dominic, B., Martin, B., Marie-Aude, B., & Joseph, J. (2016). Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Assault, and Reproductive Health among University Women. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 25(1), 9– 20.
Mackinnon, C. (2016). In Their Hands: Restoring Institutional Liability for Sexual Harassment in Education, the Yale Law Journal. (125), 2038- 2014.
Marshall, A., Catherine, M. S. & Mary L. G. (2015). Coping and Survival Skills: The Role School Personnel Play Regarding Support for Bullied Sexual Minority-Oriented Youth, American School Health Association. Journal of School Health, 85 (5), 333- 340.
Mazer, D. & Percival, E (1989b). Students' Experiences of Sexual Harassment at a Small University. Sex Roles, 20 (1/2), 1- 22.
Mazer, D. & Percival, E (1989a). Ideology or Experience? The Relationships among Perceptions, Attitudes, and Experiences of Sexual Harassment in University Students. Sex Roles, 20 (3/4), 135- 147.
McMahon, P. (2008). Sexual Violence on the College Campus: A Template for Compliance with Federal Policy. Journal of American College Health, 57 (3), 361- 365.
Menard, K., Shoss, N. & Pincus, A. (2010). Attachment and Personality Predicts Engagement in Sexual Harassment by Male and Female College Students, Violence and Victims. Springer Publishing Company, 25(6), 770- 786. http://doi. 10.1891/0886-6708.25.6.770
Mikhailovich, K. & Colbran, J. (1999). Changing the Rules: Responding to Sexual Assault in an Australian University, Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. 21(1), 71- 80.
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. (2016). Statically Abstract on the Number of Learners in Jordanian Universities. Retrieved from https://www.mohe.gov.jo/ar/page/staticics.aspx.
Obada, M. & Abu-Douh, K. (2007). Social Reflects for Sexual Harassment in Daily Life, Field Study in Sohaj Governorate. Sohaj University Publishes: Egypt.
Paludi, M. & Nydegger, L. (2006). International Perspectives on Sexual Harassment of College Students the Sounds of Silence. New York Academy of Sciences, (1087), 103– 120. http://doi. 10.1196/annals.1385.012
Parsons, T. (1954). Essays in Sociological Theory (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1964). The Social System (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1968). The Structure of Social Action (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Parsons, T. (1970). Social Structure and Personality (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
Potter, S. (2016). Reducing Sexual Assault on Campus: Lessons from the Movement to Prevent Drunk Driving. AJPH Perspectives, 106 (5), 822- 828.
Rao, S. (2009). Sociology: Primary Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social Thought (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Ramnagar.
Reingold, R. & Gostin, L. (2015). Sexual Assaults among University Students Prevention, Support, and Justice. JAMA, 314 (5), 447- 448.
Rothman, E., & Silverman, J. (2007). The Effect of a College Sexual Assault Prevention Program on First-Year Students’ Victimization Rates, Journal of American College Health, 55 (5), 283-290.
Rumonline, (2014). Unrecorded levels for sexual Harassment in Jordan. Retrieved from http://www.rumonline.net/index.php?page=article&id=170239.
Shumba, A. & Matina, A. (2002). Sexual Harassment of College Students by Lecturers in Zimbabwe. Sex Education, 2 (1), 45- 59. http://doi. 10.1080/14681810220133613
Triplett, M. (2012). Sexual Assault on College Campuses: Seeking the Appropriate Balance between Due Process and Victim Protection. Duke Law Journal, (62), 487-527
Tyde'n, T. & Larsson, M. (2012). A Repeated Survey of Sexual Behavior among Female University Students in Sweden. (AOGS), Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology, (91), 215–219. http://doi. 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01297.x
Umana, J. E., Fawole O., & Adeoye, I. A. (2014). Prevalence and Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence towards Female Students of the University Ibadan. Nigeria. BMC Women's Health, (14), 131.doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-14- 131
Vega-Geaa, E., Rosario, O. & Virginia, S. (2016). Peer Sexual Harassment in Adolescence: Dimensions of the Sexual Harassment Survey in Boys and Girls, International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology (16), 47- 57.
Washington, F., Marlene, C. & Robert, M. (2015). Sexual Harassment on Campus: "He’s Just a Pervert and everybody knows it. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 21(6): 215- 219.
White, G. (2000). Sexual Harassment during Medical Training: the Perceptions of Medical Students at a University Medical School in Australia. Medical Education, (34), 980- 986
Whitman, E. (2016). Sexual Harassment in Jordan: Harassments Levels. Was Translated by Alaa Al- Deen Abuziena. Retrieved from http://www.alghad.com/articles/519841
Wilson, F. (2000). The Social Construction of Sexual Harassment and Assault of University. Journal of Gender Studies, 9(2), 172- 187.
Zinzow, H. & Thompson, M. (2015). Factors Associated With use of Verbally Coercive, Incapacitated, and Forcible Sexual Assault Tactics in a Longitudinal Study of College Men. Aggressive Behavior, (41), 34– 43.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.35682/733
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MUTAH UNIVERSITY