مشاركة غير المسلمين في العمل الخيري: دراسة فقهية

آدم نوح علي معابدة القضاة

Abstract


  ملخص

  يتناول هذا البحث بالدراسة والتحليل الأحكام الفقهية المتعلقة بمشاركة غير المسلمين في الموارد المالية للعمل الخيري، ويتناول أيضاً الأحكام الفقهية المتعلقة بمشاركتهم في مصارف العمل الخيري، بقصد معرفة مجالات هذه المشاركة وحدودها في الفقه الإسلامي.

جاء البحث في ثلاثة محاور رئيسية: الأول منها للتعريف بالعمل الخيري وبيان خصائصه، والثاني والثالث لبيان أهم الموارد المالية للعمل الخيري، وأهم وجوه صرفها، وفيهما أيضاً بيان للتكييف الفقهي لهذه الموارد والمصارف، وما ينبني على ذلك من تحديد لمجالات مشاركة غير المسلمين في كلا البابين وضوابط هذه المشاركة في الفقه الإسلامي.

 

 

 

Participation of Non-Muslims in Charitable Work:

A Study in Islamic Legislations

Abstract

 

This research studies and analyses  Islamic Legislations regarding the participation of non-Muslims in the financial resources of charitable work, and also addresses the Islamic Legislations regarding their involvement in the disbursements of charitable work, in order to determine the limits of such participation and control in Islamic jurisprudence.

The research is divided into three parts: The first is aclears definition of charity, and the statement of  its characteristics. The other two parts show the most important statement of the financial resources of charitable work and, most important object of disbursement, alos the  Legislative statement of these resources and disbursements, and what is based on that is a determination of the involvement of non-Muslims in both sides and the controls for this participation in Islamic jurisprudence.

 


Keywords


العمل الخيري، موارد العمل الخيري، مصارف العمل الخيري، حقوق غير المسلمين في الإسلام. Charity, Charity Resources, Charity Disbursements, Rights of Non-Muslims In Islam.

References


References:

'Aawad M. (1995). Al-Haykal al-daribi al-mu'asir fi daw' al-mabadi' al-daribiah al-islamiyah. In M. Juayled (Ed.), Qira'at fi al-maliyah al-'ammah fi al-Islam (pp. 83-11). Jeddah: IRTI.

Abd al-Hady, Z. (2009). Al-Iman kadafiei'yah litashji' al-'amal al-tatawwue'i: al-Hilal al-Ahmar al-Iimarati kanamudhaj, The scientific journal of the Faculty of Fundamentals of Religion and Da`wah in Zagazig, 21(1), 2091-2128. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10576/4362.

Abu Dawud, S. (1430AH). Al-Sunan. Sh. Al-Arna'ut (Ed.). Beirut: Dar Al-Risalah International.

Abu Olayyan, M. (2014). Voluntary charity work and its role in development from Islamic perspective (in Arabic). (Master's thesis, Islamic University, Gaza, Gaza Strip). Retrieved from https://iugspace.iugaza.edu.ps/bitstream/handle/20.500.12358/17012/file_1.pdf?sequence=1.

Abu Ubayd, Q. (1409AH). Kitab al-amwal. M. 'Omarah. ( Ed.). Beirut & Cairo: Dar Al- Dar al-Shuruq.

Abu Yusuf, (W.D.). Kitab al-kharaj. T. A. Sa'd, & S. H. Muhammad (Eds.). Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Azhariyah li-al-Turaath.

Addustour Newspaper, (2008, Feb. 16). Majlis ru'asa' al-kana'is… Retrieved from https://www.addustour.com/articles/687459

Alaro, A. (2008). Al-Tansir fi ifriqya. Mecca: Moslem World League.

Al-Asbahi, M. (1415AH). Al-Mudawwanah al-kubra. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.

Al-Asqalani, A. (1397AH). Fath al-Bari sharh Sahih al-Bukhari. M. F. Abd Al-Baqi & M. Al-Khatib (Eds.). Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah.

Al-Baghawi, H. (1420AH). Tafsir al-Baghawi. A. Al-Mahdi (Ed.). Beirut: Dar 'Ihya' al-Turath al-Arabi.

Al-Bukhari, M. (1397 AH). Al-Jami' al-sahih ma' Fath al-Bari. M. F. Abd al-Baqi & M. Al-Khatib (Eds.). Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah.

Al-Dardir, A. (1392AH). Al-Sharh al-saghir. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif.

Al-Ghazali, M. (1417AH). Al-Mustasfa min 'Ilm al-Usul. M. S. Al-Ashqar (Ed.). Beirut: al-Risalah Foundation.

Al-Hakem, M. (1411AH). Al-Mustadrak 'ala al-sahihayn. M. Atta (Ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.

Al-Hamawi, A. (1405AH). Ghamz 'uyun al-basa'ir sharh kitab al-ashbah wa-al-naza'ir. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.

Al-Hattab, M. (1412 AH). Mawahib al-jalil li-sharh mukhtasar Khalil. (3rd. ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.

Al-Haytami, A. (W.D). Tuhfat al-muhtaj. Beirut: Dar 'Ihya' al-Turath al-'Arabi.

Al-Kasani, M. (1402AH). Bada'i' al-sana'i' fi tartib al-shara'i' (2nd ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi.

Al-Khattabi, H. (1351AH). Ma'alem al-sunan. Aleppo: al-Matba'a al-'Ilmiyah.

Al-Kherashi, M. (1960). Sharh Mukhtasar Khalil. Beirut: Dar Sadir.

Al-Mardawi, A. (1400AH). Al-Insaf . M. H. Faqy (Ed.). Beirut: Dar 'Iha' al-Turath al-'Arabi.

Al-Mardawi, A. (1375AH). Al-Insaf fi ma'rifat al-rajiḥ min al-khilaf. Cairo: Matba'ah al-Sunnah al-Muhammadiyah.

Al-Mawsuah, A. (1990). Kuwait: Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic affairs, Retrieved from https://bohoth.awqaf.gov.kw/

Al-Nawawi, Y. (1392AH). Al-Minhaj fi sharh Sahih Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (2nded.). Beirut: Dar 'Iha' al-Turath al-'Arabi.

Al-Nawawi, Y. (1400AH). Al-Majmu' : Sharh al-Muhadhdhab. M. N. Muti'i (Ed.). Cairo: Dar al-Salam.

Al-Nawawi, Y. (1412AH). Rawdat al-talibin wa-'umdat al-muftiyin (3rd. ed.). Z. al-Shawish (Ed.). Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami.

Al-Qaisi, K. (2007). 'Abqariyat 'Umar Bin Al-khatab (RAA) fi al-'idarah al-maliyah. Dubai: Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department.

Al-Qaradaghi, A. (2017). Hal yajuz sarf amwal al-zakah li-manzumat al-'umam al-mutahidah? Retrieved from https://mugtama.com/theme-showcase/item/48327.

Al-Qaradawi, Y. (1973). Fiqh al-zakah (2nd. ed.). Beirut: al-Risalah Foundation.

Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2008). Usul al-'amal al-khayri fi al-Islam fi daw' al-nusus wa al-maqasid al-shar'iyah (2nd ed.). Cairo: Dar El Shoruq.

Al-Qarafi, A. (W.D). Al-Furuq. Beirut: 'Alam al-Kutub.

Al-Qarafi, A. (1994). Al-Dhakhirah. M. Hajji (Ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.

Al-Quddomi, I. (2007, Sep., 12). Al-Nazrah al-dayyiqah 'ila-al-'amal al-khayri: Asbab wa hulul". Al-Furqan Magazine - Kuwait, 34-35.

Al-Qurtubi, M. (1384AH). Al-Jami' li-ahkam al-Qur'an (2nd. ed.). (A. al-Barduni & I. Atfish (Eds.). Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyah.

Al-Rababah, O. (2011). Controls to relief non-Muslims in Islamic Fiqh (in Arabic). Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences. (12) 2. 103-136.

Al-Ramli, M. (1414AH). Nihayat al-muhtaj. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.

Al-Raysuni, Q. (2008). Qawa'id al-wasa'il wa atharuha fi tanmiat al-'amal al-khayri, in Proceedings of the Third Gulf Charitable Work Conference. (Vol.1, pp. 3-25), Dubai: Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department.

Al-Saloumi, M. (2005). Charitable sector and terrorism claim (4th ed.) (in Arabic). Riyadh: Al-Bayan Magazine.

Al-Sarkhasi, M. (1398AH). Al-Mabsut (3rd ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah.

Al-Sawi, A. (1392 AH). Bulghat al-salik li-aqrab al-masalik. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif.

Al-Shanqiti, M. (1415AH). Adwa' al-bayan fi 'idah al-Qur'an bi-al-Qur'an. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.

Al-Shatibi, I. (1417AH). Al-Muwafaqat fi usul al-sharia'h. M. Salman (Ed.). Cairo: Dar Ibn Affan.

Al-Sherbini, M. (W.D). Al-Iqna' fi hall alfaz Abi Shuja'. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.

Al-Sherbini, M. (1415AH). Mughni al-muhtaj ila ma'rifat ma'ani alfaz al-minhaj. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.

Al-Shuway'er, M. (1425AH). Majmu' fatawa Ibn Baz. al-Riyadh: Ri'asat 'idarat al-buhuth.

Al-Suyuti, A. (1394AH). Al-Itqan fi ulum al-Quran. M. Abo al-Fadl (Ed.). Cairo: General Egyptian Book Organization.

Al-Suyuti, A. (1403AH). Al-Ashbah wa-al-naza'ir. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.

Al-Tabari, M. (1420AH). Jami' al-bayan 'an ta'wil ay al-Qur'an (Tafsir al-Tabari). A. Shaker & M. Shaher (Eds.). Beirut: Dar al-Risalah.

Al-Thumali, A. (2004). Daribat al-dakhl: al-Hukm wa al-shurut. Journal of the Islamic Fiqh Council. 15(19), 202 – 279.

Al-Thumali, A. (2006). Al-Musawah bayn al-muatin al-muslim wa-ghayrih fi al-takalif al-maliyah fi zil tatbiq al-zakat: al-Mushkelah wa-al-hulwl. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) for Shari`ah Sciences and Islamic Studies. 18(39), 3-32.

Al-Tirmidhi, M. (1395 AH). Sunan al-tirmidhi (2nd ed.). A. Shakir & Others (Eds.). Cairo: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi Press.

Al-Tufi, S. (1419AH). Sharh mukhtasar al-rawdah (2nd. ed.). A. al-Turki (Ed.). Beirut: al-Risalah Foundation.

Al-Zuhayli, W. (W.D). Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa-adillatuh (4th ed.). Damascus: Dar al-Fikr.

Arafa, Kh. (2014). Al-'amal al-khayri: Khalfiyah nazariyah hawl al-mafhum. Journal Medad for Charitable Work Studies, 2(1), 18-41.

Austin, H. ( 2013, July 22). Muslims give more to charity than others, UK poll says. NBC News, Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/muslims-give-more-charity-others-uk-poll-says-f6C10703224

Bakkar, A. (1433AH). Thaqafat al-'amal al-khayri: Kayfa nursikhuha? Wa-kayf no'amemuha. Cairo: Dar al-Salam.

Bani Isa, M. (2006). Voluntary activities and their influence on economic development from an islamic perspective(in Arabic). (Doctoral dissertation, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan) Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/557715

Damra, A. (2009). Athar al-qawa'id al-usuliyah fi tarshid al-'amal al-khayri. al-Mishkat (al- Zaytunah University). (7)1. 313 - 354. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/314622

Davies R. (2000). Humanitarian Assistance: Negative Spin-Offs for the Host Country. In War, Mony and Sarvival, (pp. 82-87). Geneva: ICRC.

General Iftaa' Department (Nov. 2012). Fatwa no. 2735, Retrieved from http://aliftaa.jo/Question.aspx?QuestionId=2735#.WHAaHfl96yI

Ghanem, I. (2013). Mafhum al-'amal al-khayri wa-maqasiduh. Al -Tafahom. 11(42), 251-267.

http://search.mandumah.com/Record/894027.

Habib, M. (1427AH). Maqasid al-shari'ah al-islamiyyah ta'silan wa-taf'ilan. Mecca: Moslem World League.

Hakim, M. (2002). Ri'ayat al-maslahah wa-al-hikmah fi tashri' nabi al-rahmah (SAAW). Journal of the Islamic University of Madinah. (34)116, 179-256.

Hamidullah, M. (1987). Majmu'at al-watha'iq al-siyasiyah lil-'ahd al-nabawi wa-al-khilafah al-Rashidah (6th. ed.). Dar al-Nafa'is.

Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, Y. (1421AH). Al-Istidhkar. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah.

Ibn Al-Humam, M. (1397 AH). Fath al-qadir (2nd. ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.

Ibn Al-Mundhir, M. (1425 AH). Al-Ijma'. F. Abdulmun'em (Ed.) Al-Riyadh: Dar al-Moslem.

Ibn Al-Qayyim, M. (1411AH). I'lam al-muwaqqi'in 'an Rabb al-'Alamin. M. Ibrahim (Ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.

Ibn Al-Qayyim, M. (1418 AH). Ahkam ahl al-dhimmah. al-Dammam: Ramadi lil-nashr.

Ibn Amir Hajj. M. (1417AH). Al-Taqrir wa-al-tahbir fi 'ilm al-usul. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.

Ibn Daqiq al-'Id, M. (1372AH). Ihkam al-Ahkam: sharh 'Umdat al-ahkam. M. H. Faqy, & A. Shaker (Eds.). Cairo: Matba'ah al-Sunnah al-Muhammadiyah.

Ibn Hanbal, A. (1421AH). Al-Musnad. Sh. Al-Arna'ut & Others (Ed.). Beirut: Al-Risalah Foundation.

Ibn Hazm, A. (W.D). Al-Muhalla be-al-athar. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.

Ibn Hibban, M. (1408 AH). Sahih ibn Hibban bi-tartib ibn Balaban. Sh. Al-Arna'ut (Ed.). Beirut: al-Risalah Foundation.

Ibn Jebrin, A. (2017). 100 su'al wa jawab fi al-'amal al-khayri. Retrieved from https://www.ibn-jebreen.com/books/6-28.html

Ibn Kathir, I.(1419AH). Tafsir al-Quran al-'aazim. M.H. Shams Al-din (Ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Kutb al-Ilmiyah.

Ibn Mofleh, I. (1418AH). Al-Mubdi' Fi sharh al-Muqni'. Beirut: Dar Al-Risalah International.

Ibn Muflih, M. (1379AH). Al-Furou'. Beirut: 'Alam al-Kutub.

Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (W.D). Al-Hisba fi al-Islam. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.

Ibn Taymiyyah, A. (1416A.H). Majmu' al-fatawa. A. M. Qasem (Ed.). al-Madinah al-Munawarh: King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qur'an.

Ibn-Qudamah, A. (W.D). Al-Mughni. Beirut: Dar 'Iha' al-Turath al-'Arabi.

Islamweb (Apr. 2001). Fatwa no.7680, Retrieved from https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/7680

Jal'out, A. (2012). Fiqh al-mawarid al-'ammah libayt al-mal. Hamah: Dar Abe al-Fedaa.

Kahf, M. (2000). The Islamic Endowment: Development, Administration & Evolution. Damascus: Dar al-Fikr.

Kasri, R. (2013). Giving behaviors in Indonesia: Motives and marketing implications for Islamic charities. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 4(3), 306-324. Kemeil, S. Sh. (2001). The Non-Muslims Economic Activity in the Islamic State (Jurisdiction) study (in Arabic). An-Najah University Journal for Research - B, 15(1), 89-142.

Khafaji, R. (2010). Al-'amal al-khayri al-khaliji: al-Nash'ah wa-al-tatawwur. Journal Medad for Charitable Work Studies. 1(1), 17-65. Retrieved from http://search.mandumah.com/Record/350943

Khallaf, A. (1988). Al-Siyasah al-shar'iyah fi al-shu'un al-dustouriyah wa-al-kharijiyah wa-al-maliyah. Cairo: Dar al-Qalam.

Law of Associations no.51 (2008, Sep. 16). Official Gazette. 4219-4226.

Mahdy, M. (2012). Al-'Amal al-khayri: Dirasah ta'siliyah tarikhiyah. Journal of Surra Man Raa, 8(30), 211-230.

Mawardi, A. (W.D). Al-Ahkam al-sultaniyah. Cairo: Dar al-Hadieth.

Mohammed, Q. (1996). Al-Nuzum al-maliyah fi al-Islam. Cairo: General Egyptian Book Organization.

Muslim, Ibn al-hajjaj (W.D). Al-Musnad al-sahih (Sahih Muslim), M. F. Abd al-Baqi (Ed.). Beirut: Dar 'Ihya' al-Turath.

Qidwai, W., Tabassum, R., Hanif, R., & Khan, F. (2010). Belief in charity giving (sadqa) and its role in healing: results of a survey conducted at a teaching hospital in karachi, pakistan. Oman Medical Journal, 25(2), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2010.30

Sha'ban, A (Dec. 2015). The Ugly Face of Western Relief (in Arabic). Al-Bayan, 64-71. Retrieved from.

https://albayan.co.uk/MGZArticle2.aspx?ID=4786

Shalabi, A. (1313AH). Hashiatun a'la tabyin al-haqaiq. Cairo: al-Matba'ah al-Amiriyah- Bulaq.

Sulaiman, H. (2003). Dawabit al-khayr al-Islami. Retrieved from https://iefpedia.com/arab/?p=8283

Zarkashi, M. (1405AH). Al-Manthur fi al-qawai'd (2nd. ed.). F. T. Ahmad (Ed.). Kuwait: Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.35682/225

Published by
MUTAH UNIVERSITY